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Reactive oxygen species in plant stress signaling
Jaakko Kangasjärvi
Plant Biology
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences
University of Helsinki
POB 56 (Viikinkaari 9)
FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Email: Jaakko.kangasjarvi@helsinki.fi
The growth, distribution, and productivity as well as product quality of plants is greatly influenced by the environmental stresses and other external stimuli to which they are continuously exposed. Effective responses to both external and internal stimuli will ensure optimal growth and survival in an environment where productivity and product quality are adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants must have effective means of defending themselves against invading pathogens and adapting to changes in their environment. The main features of such defense measures involve early recognition and perception of the developing stress, and subsequent activation of induced adaptive and defensive responses leading to both local and systemic resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are formed in plant cells by several stresses may be one of the factors that contribute to, and regulate plant stress sensitivity/tolerance. Strong evidence has accumulated that ROS play an important role in the signaling resulting in induction of plant defense responses. The recognition of a stress is followed by involvement of a small number of signal transduction pathways. They also seem to control and potentiate each other`s activities, indicating that cross talk between these pathways may be very common in defense gene regulation. Several tresses are experienced by plants much in the same way. Therefore, it seems obvious that the signal transduction pathways involved are, at least partially, identical and combinations of signal molecules might direct the activation of certain defense responses. Synergistic or inhibitory cross-talk between these regulators may help the plant to prioritize the activation of a particular signal pathway over another and fine-tune its defense by upregulating different sets of overlapping genes against different aggressors. The studies on signal transduction will further lead to detailed understanding of several of the key signal transduction cascades involved in stress adaptation in plants. The networks responsible for the regulation of cell death as a result of oxidative attack will be presented as an example of interaction between multiple regulatory cascades.
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